Accounting Periods

An accounting period, in book keeping, is the period with reference to which accounting books of any entity/company are prepared. An accounting period is the span of time covered by a set of financial statements. This period defines the time range over which business transactions are accumulated into financial statements.

It is the period for which books are balanced and the financial statements are prepared. Generally, the accounting period consists of 12 months. However the beginning of the accounting period differs according to the jurisdiction. For example, one entity may follow the regular calendar year, i.e. January to December as the accounting year, while another entity may follow April to March as the accounting period.

The International Financial Reporting Standards allow a period of 52 weeks as an accounting period instead of a proper year.

An accounting period is the span of time covered by a set of financial statements. This period defines the time range over which business transactions are accumulated into financial statements, and is needed by investors so that they can compare the results of successive time periods. For internal financial reporting, an accounting period is generally considered to be one month. A few firms compile financial information in four-week increments, so that they have 13 accounting periods per year.

A publicly-held company must report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on a quarterly basis, so the accounting period for its financial reports to the SEC span three months. If a set of financial statements cover the results of an entire year, then the accounting period is one year. If the accounting period is for a twelve month period ending on a date other than December 31, then the accounting period is called a fiscal year, as opposed to a calendar year. For example, a fiscal year ended June 30 spans the period from July 1 of the preceding year to June 30 of the current year. Ideally, the fiscal year should end on a date when business activity is at a low point, so that there are fewer assets and liabilities to audit.

Yet another variation on the accounting period is when a business has just been started, so that its first accounting period may only span a few days. For example, if a business begins on January 17, its first monthly accounting period will only cover the period from January 17 to January 31. The same concept applies to a business that has been terminated. For example, if a business were to be shut down on January 10, its final monthly accounting period would only cover the period from January 1 to January 10.

Technically, an accounting period only applies to the income statement and statement of cash flows, since the balance sheet reports information as of a specific date. Thus, if an entity reports on its results for January, the header of the income statement says “for the month ended January 31,” while the header of the balance sheet states “as of January 31.”

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